The findings come from a “deep dive” analysis by the Independent Review Group, which had already published its final report on equality within the force last year. The additional review was released following a request by policy group Murray Blackburn Mackenzie (MBM).

The report describes the force as having a “toxic” culture akin to “a boys’ club,” where inappropriate behaviour by senior male officers is commonplace. It cites a pattern of inappropriate jokes and comments targeting younger female officers, often from more senior colleagues, and highlights an “implicit understanding” that women who raise concerns risk retaliation, such as blocked promotions.

Female officers reported second-guessing their clothing, make-up and hairstyle to avoid “provoking” sexist remarks. The report also pointed to a culture of collusion, with victim-blaming language and a tendency to protect men accused of misconduct.

Senior officers were often reluctant – or in some cases complicit – in addressing sexism and misogyny. Some were described as engaging in “predatory” relationships with junior female staff. Junior male officers were also reported to ignore orders from senior women, preferring to defer to higher-ranking male colleagues.

Police Scotland said it was committed to delivering meaningful cultural change, including tackling sexism and misogyny.

Several women have already spoken publicly about their experiences. Former assistant chief constable Angela Wilson said the latest findings “don’t surprise” her. Last year, ex-officer Gemma MacRae, who was sexually assaulted and reported bullying and misogyny at a Moray station, accepted a payout of £431,968 from the force.

Assistant Chief Constable Catriona Paton said Police Scotland intended to deliver “meaningful cultural change”.

“As part of this work, an Independent Review Group undertook a review of Police Scotland and, last August, we published the IRG’s closure report, which provided an overview of their deep dive into sexism and misogyny,” she said.

“There is no quick fix to changing deeply ingrained, socially accepted behaviours.”

A spokesperson from the Scottish Police Authority said: “There is absolutely no place for sexism or any form of discrimination in policing. The Scottish Police Authority is committed to supporting and holding Police Scotland to account in building a service that is inclusive, respectful, and free from bias.”

Dr Kath Murray at MBM said: “As it stands, it appears that either Police Scotland did not share the report with the SPA, or if it did, the authority agreed not to publish or table the report for discussion.

“Either way, the handling of these shocking findings raises serious concerns about transparency and the oversight of Scottish policing.”